DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3640952   IEEEXplore: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11299435    

Planar hexagonal 6-port hybrid couplers to implement the 3-beam Nolen matrix (NM).

2.28 _ 2.61 GHz (2.45 GHz nominal)

The six-port hybrid coupler is composed of multiple couplers and phase shifters integrated into a single planar structure. The structure is realized as two hexagons and a series of transmission lines connecting them. The power at each output port can be controlled by the impedance of the transmission lines.

Modern wireless systems that employ MIMO and multibeam antenna arrays.

For the 1:1:1 coupler (measured): 5 ± 0.9 dB transmission coefficient, >21.6 dB return loss, 18.8 dB isolation, 0.23 insertion loss, 0.9 dB amplitude and 14° phase worst fluctuations from 2.28 – 2.61 GHz. For the 1:2:1 coupler (measured): 3.7 ±1 dB and 6.1 ±0.9 dB transmission coefficient, >13.6 dB return loss, >15.8 dB isolation, 0.7 dB insertion loss, 1 dB amplitude and 23° worst phase fluctuations from 2.3 – 2.6 GHz.